Introduction: Eryngium caeruleum L. is a perennial weed from Apiaceae family that grows in the farm and roadside. There is limited information on the reaction of this plant germination to temperature and light conditions. Germination is one of the most important processes for weed success, because it is the first step in competition beginning in an ecological niche. Recognition of E. caeruleum germination and emergence ecology has an important role in weed management and control. Different environmental factors, such as temperature and light, affect dormancy and germination of the seeds. Light requirement is an indicator showing the level of seed dormancy. Given the significance of seed dormancy in weed dispersal and management, this study aimed at determining the relation between light and temperature as the most effective environmental factors in germination stimulation of E. caeruleum. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted to estimate the effect of temperature and light on germination of Eryngium caeruleum seeds at agriculture and Natural Resources College, university of Tehran in 2016. A factorial experiment was undertaken based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Factors were germination temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ° C), burial periods in 5 cm depth (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days), and light conditions during germination test (Presence and absence of light). The seeds were buried in the soil under environmental conditions at depth of 5 cm and then removed from the soil at one month intervals and were placed at dark and light (Osram, L 18 W/77, 20 μ molm-2s-1) conditions under seven temperature treatments for 14 days. 25 seeds were placed in each petri dish and the germinated seeds were counted for 14 days in each month. Segmented model was used for studying the germination rate to temperature in light and temperature treatments. Thermal parameters of germination were calculated for light and temperature treatments. These parameters were Gmax for the maximum germination rate, Tb or base temperature for germination, To or optimum temperature for germination, and Tc or ceiling temperature for germination. The base and ceiling temperature parameters were also calculated. The findings of this study shed light on seed germination requirements of E. caeruleum and enhance our understanding of this species distribution. These results will be useful in selecting the best time and method for E. caeruleum control. Results and Discussion: Results showed that temperature and light conditions during germination test influenced germination rate. According to the analysis of variation, all simple effects and interactions were significant on germination rate. Germination rate increased with increasing temperature up to 20 ° C. Germination rate, however, decreased when temperature increased up to 35 ° C. Temperature parameters of base temperature, optimum temperature and ceiling temperature were affected by burial periods and light conditions during germination test. In general, base and optimum temperatures decreased and ceiling temperature increased with increasing of burial time. The burial time needed for 50 percent decrease of maximum base temperature in the lowest burial time was 117 days in light condition and 82 days in dark condition. The optimum temperature decreased from 23. 5° C to 21. 2° C in light condition and from 23° C to 21° C in dark condition. The ceiling temperature increased from 28° C to 42° C in light condition, but it had different process in dark condition. The Tc parameter was 30° C in 60 days of burial and was 28° C up to 120 days of burial and had no changes up to 180 days of burial. Parameters of Gmax and ai, which indicate the maximum germination rate and seed non-dormant index, respectively, rose linearly by increasing time of seed burial, irrespective of light condition during germination test. The same results were found in Circium arvense and Bidens pilosa, that their germination thermal parameters were higher in light condition than in dark. This can be attributed to the heat made by the light. The results of the experiment on Plygonum aviculare also showed the effects of light on cardinal temperatures of germination and the start of germination of this plant. Conclusion: The results showed that the thermal parameters of Eryngium caeruleum germination including base temperature (Tb), optimum temperature (To), and ceiling temperature (Tc) changed during the burial periods. The Gmax and awakeness index parameters increased linearly regardless of the presence or absence of light. It can be also concluded that Eryngium caeruleum L. has morphophysiological dormancy and dormancy breaking. Moreover, the optimum temperature range for germination mostly rises by increasing ceiling temperature.

Background and objectives: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. Conventional electro diagnosis studies have been useful in the diagnosis of this condition. The Terminal Latency Index (TLI) is a derived neurophysiological value that adjusts the Distal motor Latency (DL) for the terminal distance and motor nerve Conduction Velocity (CV).Several studies have suggested utility of the median TLI for diagnosis of CTS.The goal of this study is to evaluate prospectively the sensitivity of the median TLI in the diagnosis of CTS and compare it with other electrodiagnosis techniques.Material and Methods: This study was done on 111 patients as CTS group & 62 healthy subject as control group. In all groups five selected tests of electrodiagnosis were done and all of them were compared with TLI sensitivity.Results: The mean TLI was 0.3±0.05 in the CTS group and 0.42±0.03 in the control group. The sensitivity of TLI was 73% The TLI wasn't statistically better than the other tests, but in three cases from the CTS group, the TLI was the only abnormal test.The 7 and 14 cm method had meaningful sensitivity in contrary to other tests.Conclusion: The sensitivity of TLI has no meaningful difference with other routine electro diagnostic tests in diagnosis of CTS.The median TLI is a useful but not more sensitive electrodiagnostic test for CTS.

Introduction: Three methods of OCRA Index, Strain Index (SI), and ACGIH HAL have been proposed for the assessment of risk factors of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Investigating the correlation and consistency of these three methods are of prominence importance in the workplaces. Thus, this study aimed to determine the correlations of the results of the above mentioned methods. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 tasks were studied in four industries. For each task, a video taping of a full working cycle was prepared and evaluated according to the instructions of each method. The level of risk exposure to musculoskeletal disorders was analyzed with correlation and Kappa agreement coefficient tests using SPSS (version 16) and R software packages.Results: The correlation between the results of risk assessments of OCRA and SI methods for right and left hands were acceptable and equal to 0.751 and 0.726, respectively (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the coefficients of agreement between OCRA and HAL methods for left and right hands were 0.526 and 0.595, respectively.Conclusion: These findings partly confirmed the agreement between the methods of risk assessment. The origin of this partial agreement can be the number and type of variables and their impacts on the final score of the methods.

Introduction: J.E.Hirsch introduced H Index to scientometric domain, representing actual scientific profitability quality of a researcher’s publications; and is equal to effective index for researchers. Literature review: Studies showed that documents database have provided different H scores for each researcher and for different scientific fields. Despite the utmost advantages of H-index it also have some flaws such as need to use complementary indices such as m, r, g index. Conclusions: The strength point of H index, is its ability to use in limited levels which is an complementary for other bibliomeetric exist indexes. This Index, with others, could be a suit index to improvement scientific levels for researchers, scientist, and scientific board members.

Background: Bispectral index (BIS) assesses depth of anesthesia. There are controversial reports about opioids, like remifentanil, effect on BIS. At this study, the effect of different doses of remifentanil, 0.1mg/kg/min (LD) and 0.2mg/kg/min (HD) on BIS were evaluated.Materials and Method: 54 patients, ASA Class 1 or 2, age 20-60 years old who were admitted for cataract surgery under general anesthesia were selected. Induction of anesthesia: sodium thiopental 5mg/kg, succinylcholin 2 mg/kg, lidocaine 1 mg/kg and fentanil 2mg/ kg. After tracheal intubations, cisatracuriom 0.15 mg/ kg, propofol 200mg/kg/min and remifentanil HD or LD, each for 10 minutes, with randomized sequences. 4 patients were excluded because they got hypertension or tachycardia more than %20 of baseline or physical movement under general anesthesia.BIS was recorded every one minute. Comparison of mean BIS values of the two groups was made by intra group t-test.Results: Mean BIS in LD group was 51.73±5.87 and in HD group was 45.22±5.2. P-value was <0.001, so the difference was significant.Conclusion: Remifentanil combined with propofol can change BIS, so we can use BIS as an monitoring of depth of anesthesia during general anesthesia with opioids base.

Strength measurement of rock requires testing that must be carried out on test specimens with particular sizes in order to fulfill testing standards or suggested methods. Often, the coring process breaks up the weaker core pieces, and they are too small to be used in either index tests or conventional strength tests such as point load index (Is) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). One of the index tests to indirectly determine the rock strength is the block punch index (BPI) test, which requires flat disc specimens without special treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the BPI test for predicting the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), BTS and IS of the sandstones by empirical equations. Also, we have compared the performance of the BPI and IS for predicting the UCS and BTS. It was experimentally shown that BPI is a reliable method for predicting the UCS, BTS and Is of the sandstones under study. Moreover, the results indicate that BPI could be utilized with same importance as Is for predicting the UCS, while predicting the BTS by Is appears to be more reliable than BPI.